M. B. Powner, G. Jeffery, J. Biophotonics 2024, e202300521. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202300521

Gonzalez-Lima F, Auchter A. Protection against neurodegeneration with low-dose methylene blue and near-infrared light. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 May 12;9:179. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00179. PMID: 26029050; PMCID: PMC4428125.

Hamblin MR, Nelson ST, Strahan JR. Photobiomodulation and Cancer: What Is the Truth? Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 May;36(5):241-245. doi: 10.1089/pho.2017.4401. Epub 2018 Feb 21. PMID: 29466089; PMCID: PMC5946726.

Robijns J, Nair RG, Lodewijckx J, Arany P, Barasch A, Bjordal JM, Bossi P, Chilles A, Corby PM, Epstein JB, Elad S, Fekrazad R, Fregnani ER, Genot MT, Ibarra AMC, Hamblin MR, Heiskanen V, Hu K, Klastersky J, Lalla R, Latifian S, Maiya A, Mebis J, Migliorati CA, Milstein DMJ, Murphy B, Raber-Durlacher JE, Roseboom HJ, Sonis S, Treister N, Zadik Y, Bensadoun RJ. Photobiomodulation therapy in management of cancer therapy-induced side effects: WALT position paper 2022. Front Oncol. 2022 Aug 30;12:927685. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.927685. PMID: 36110957; PMCID: PMC9468822.Pereira, S.T., Silva, C.R., Nuñez, S.C. and Ribeiro, M.S. (2021), Safety and Clinical Impact of a Single Red Light Irradiation on Breast Tumor-Bearing Mice. Photochem Photobiol, 97: 435-442.
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13338

Myakishev-Rempel M, Stadler I, Brondon P, Axe DR, Friedman M, Nardia FB, Lanzafame R. A preliminary study of the safety of red light phototherapy of tissues harboring cancer. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Sep;30(9):551-8. doi: 10.1089/pho.2011.3186. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PMID: 22853435; PMCID: PMC3423866.

Light therapy fast-tracks healing of skin damage from cancer radiation therapy https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases

/2022/01/220127104305.htm
Light therapy may accelerate the healing of skin damage from radiation therapy by up to 50%, according to a recent study.

Robijns J, Censabella S, Bulens P, Maes A, Mebis J. The use of low-level light therapy in supportive care for patients with breast cancer: review of the literature. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Jan;32(1):229-242. doi: 10.1007/s10103-016-2056-y. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID: 27539464.

 Yang, Kok Lee & Boon Yin, Khoo & Ong, Ming Thong & Yoong, Ivan & Sreeramanan, Subramaniam. (2020). In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy. Breast Cancer. 28. 10.1007/s12282-020-01128-6. LED red light has been reported to have many health benefits. The present study was conducted to characterise anti-proliferation properties of four LED red light wavelengths (615, 630, 660 and 730 nm) against non-triple negative (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer-origin cell lines.

• It has been shown by MTT assay that at 24 h post-exposure time point, only LED red light with wavelength 660 nm possessed anti-proliferative effects against both cell lines with 40% reduction of cell viability. The morphology of LED 660 nm irradiated cells was found flatten with enlarged cell size, typical characteristic of cell senescent. Indications of autophagy activities following the irradiation
  • an increase number of autophagosomes formation in LED 660 nm irradiated cells compared to control cells.
  • Electron dense bodies observed in these cells under TEM micrographs, leading to the conclusion that LED 660 nm irradiation promoted anti-proliferative activities through autophagy in breast cancer-origin cells. These findings have suggested that LED 660 nm might be developed and be employed as an alternative cancer treatment method in future.

  Zadik Y, Arany PR, Fregnani ER, Bossi P, Antunes HS, Bensadoun RJ, Gueiros LA, Majorana A, Nair RG, Ranna V, Tissing WJE, Vaddi A, Lubart R, Migliorati CA, Lalla RV, Cheng KKF, Elad S; Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). Systematic review of photobiomodulation for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines. Support Care Cancer. 2019 Oct;27(10):3969-3983. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-04890-2. Epub 2019 Jul 8. PMID: 31286228.

  Argenta PA, Ballman KV, Geller MA, Carson LF, Ghebre R, Mullany SA, Teoh DG, Winterhoff BJ, Rivard CL, Erickson BK. The effect of photobiomodulation on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Jan;144(1):159-166. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.11.013. Epub 2016 Nov 22. PMID: 27887804.

  Glass GE. Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review of the Oncologic Safety of Low-Level Light Therapy for Aesthetic Skin Rejuvenation. Aesthet Surg J. 2023 Apr 10;43(5):NP357-NP371. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad018. PMID: 36722207; PMCID: PMC10309024.

  • • In 16 studies with 25 cell lines, the influence of PBM on neoplastic cell viability was examined. PBM was found to reduce the viability of 13 of 25 neoplastic cell lines either in isolation or in the presence of another experimental agent, and PBM was found not to influence the viability of a further 8 cell lines. Of the remaining 4 cell lines, the viability of 3 was found to be dependent on total energy per unit area (fluence), whereas the viability of the remaining cell line was dependent on wavelength of light, exhibiting reduced viability when exposed to blue light only.
    • Despite theoretical concerns, there is no clinical evidence to support the proposition that PBM should be avoided in patients who are being treated for cancer, previously had cancer, or have risk factors for cancer.

  Farias TG, Rodrigues JA, Dos Santos MS, Mencalha AL, de Souza da Fonseca A. Effects of low‑power red laser and blue LED on mRNA levels from DNA repair genes in human breast cancer cells. Lasers Med Sci. 2024 Feb 8;39(1):56. doi: 10.1007/s10103-024-04001-6. Erratum in: Lasers Med Sci. 2024 Feb 20;39(1):67. PMID: 38329547.

  Aguiar BRL, Guerra ENS, Normando AGC, Martins CC, Reis PEDD, Ferreira EB. Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in radiation dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021 Jun;162:103349. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103349. Epub 2021 May 11. PMID: 33989768.

  PBMT showed a significant effect to prevent grade 3 RD in breast cancer patients.

Wunsch, Alexander, and Karsten Matuschka. “A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase.” Photomedicine and laser surgery vol. 32,2 (2014): 93-100. doi:10.1089/pho.2013.3616  

• The treated subjects experienced significantly improved skin complexion and skin feeling, assessed skin roughness, and ultrasonographic measured collagen density. The blinded clinical evaluation of photographs confirmed significant improvement in the intervention groups compared with the control.
• There were no negative findings.
• n=136

Oh IY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Kim CW, Kim SE. Efficacy of light-emitting diode photomodulation in reducing erythema after fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2013 Aug;39(8):1171-6. doi: 10.1111/dsu.12213. Epub 2013 Apr 3. PMID: 23551853.

Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Kim HL, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Lee TR, Shin DW, Seo YR. A Protective Mechanism of Visible Red Light in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Enhancement of GADD45A-Mediated DNA Repair Activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2017 Feb;137(2):466-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.041. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27729279.

** Ken Tan¹, Hyup-Woo Lee^1,2, Seung-Kyu Han¹ Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis of Human Fibroblasts in Vitro

Journal of Wound Management and Research 2018; 14(1): 1-6.

Published online: March 30, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22467/
jwmr.2018.00283 Huiling Ma¹, Jong-Phil Yang¹, Rui

Bowen, Robert, Arany, Praveen R. e202200391. Use of either transcranial or whole-body photobiomodulation treatments improves COVID-19 brain fog. Journal of BiophotonicsVL  – 16. IS  – 8. SN  – 1864-063X 

Aguida B, Pooam M, Ahmad M, Jourdan N. Infrared light therapy relieves TLR-4 dependent hyper-inflammation of the type induced by COVID-19. Commun Integr Biol. 2021 Sep 15;14(1):200-211. doi: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1965718. PMID: 34552685; PMCID: PMC8451450.

https://pbmfoundation.org/adjunct-low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-in-a-morbidly-obese-patient-with-severe-covid-19-pneumonia-a-case-report/

Effective for increasing immunity, helping tissue repair, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Read more citations here:

de Matos BTL, Buchaim DV, Pomini KT, Barbalho SM, Guiguer EL, Reis CHB, Bueno CRS, Cunha MRD, Pereira ESBM, Buchaim RL. Photobiomodulation Therapy as a Possible New Approach in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2021 Jun 18;11(6):580. doi: 10.3390/life11060580. PMID: 34207199; PMCID: PMC8233727. 

https://awakenforwellness.com/red-light-therapys-impact-on-your-respiratory-health-its-potential-healing-in-covid-19-symptoms/

Cassano P, Petrie SR, Mischoulon D, Cusin C, Katnani H, Yeung A, De Taboada L, Archibald A, Bui E, Baer L, Chang T, Chen J, Pedrelli P, Fisher L, Farabaugh A, Hamblin MR, Alpert JE, Fava M, Iosifescu DV. Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial. Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 Dec;36(12):634-646. doi: 10.1089/pho.2018.4490. Epub 2018 Oct 20. PMID: 30346890; PMCID: PMC7864111.

• Double-blind, sham-controlled study on the safety and efficacy [change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) total score at end-point] of adjunct t-PBM NIR, 823nm

• t-PBM with NIR light demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in patients with MDD.

Xu S, Cui K, Long K, Li J, Fan N, Lam WC, Liang X, Wang W. Red Light-Triggered Anti-Angiogenic and Photodynamic Combination Therapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Sep 14:e2301985. doi: 10.1002/advs.202301985. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37705491.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11776448/

Whelan HT, Smits RL Jr, Buchman EV, Whelan NT, Turner SG, Margolis DA, Cevenini V, Stinson H, Ignatius R, Martin T, Cwiklinski J, Philippi AF, Graf WR, Hodgson B, Gould L, Kane M, Chen G, Caviness J. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001 Dec;19(6):305-14. doi: 10.1089/104454701753342758. PMID: 11776448.

Hartmann DD, Martins RP, Silva TCD, et al. Oxidative stress is involved in LLLT mechanism of action on skin healing in rats.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;54(6):e10293. Published 2021 Apr 26. doi:10.1590/1414-431X202010293

Kenareh R, Mirmohammadi SJ, Khatibi A, Shamsi F, Mehrparvar AH. The Comparison of The Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Ultrasound in the Treatment of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2021 ;12:e20. DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.20. PMID: 34733743; PMCID: PMC8558734.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf
/10.2203/dose-response.14-032.Agrawal

1. Agrawal T, Gupta GK, Rai V, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Pre-Conditioning with Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy: Light before the Storm. Dose-Response. October 2014. doi:10.2203/dose-response.14-032.Agrawal

José Carlos Tatmatsu-Rocha, Cleber Ferraresi, Michael R. Hamblin, Flávio Damasceno Maia, Nilberto Robson Falcão do Nascimento, Patricia Driusso, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto,

Low-level laser therapy (904nm) can increase collagen and reduce oxidative and nitrosative stress in diabetic wounded mouse skin,

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology,

Volume 164, 2016, Pages 96-102, ISSN 1011-1344,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.017.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
/article/pii/S101113441530172X)

• RCT
• n=100
• 24 weeks of treatment
• LLLT-treated scalp had significantly greater hair coverage (14.2% vs. 11.8%, p < .001).
• Significant improvement from baseline in the LLLT group noted study investigators
  • hair thickness
  • hair count
  • hair coverage observed  on the treated side than in the sham light-treated side at the 12- and 24-week visits.
• No serious adverse events were observed.

• Results showed that irradiating human sperm with low-level 830-nm diode laser can improve their progressive motility depending on both laser density and post-exposure time.

• n=22

Kenareh R, Mirmohammadi SJ, Khatibi A, Shamsi F, Mehrparvar AH. The Comparison of The Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Ultrasound in the Treatment of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2021 ;12:e20. DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.20.

Acute Low Back Pain with Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Ljubica M. Konstantinovic, Zeljko M. Kanjuh, Andjela N. Milovanovic, Milisav R. Cutovic, Aleksandar G. Djurovic, Viktorija G. Savic, Aleksandra S. Dragin, and Nesa D. Milovanovic

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2010 28:4, 553-560

• A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
• n=546
• Statistically significant in all outcomes measured (p < 0.001)
• Results show better improvement in acute LBP treated with LLLT

Stausholm MB, Naterstad IF, Joensen J, et alEfficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trialsBMJ Open 2019;9:e031142. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031142

• Systematic review and meta-analysis
• We solely included randomized placebo-controlled trials involving participants with KOA according to the American College of Rheumatology and/or Kellgren/Lawrence criteria, in which LLLT was applied to participants’ knee(s)
• 22 trials (n=1063) were meta-analysed. Risk of bias was insignificant. Overall, pain was significantly reduced by LLLT compared with placebo at the end of therapy.
• LLLT is a non-invasive treatment modality,(1-2) which has been reported to induce anti-inflammatory effects. (2–7)
  • 1. Rayegani SM, Raeissadat SA, Heidari S, et al. Safety and effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Lasers Med Sci 2017;8:S12–19.
  • 2. Hamblin MR. Can osteoarthritis be treated with light? Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15.
  • 3. Tomazoni SS, Leal-Junior ECP, Pallotta RC, et al. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise as single and/or combined treatment on the inflammatory response induced by experimental osteoarthritis. Lasers Med Sci 2017;32:101–8.
  • 4. Tomazoni SS, Leal-Junior ECP, Frigo L, et al. Isolated and combined effects of photobiomodulation therapy, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical activity in the treatment of osteoarthritis induced by papain. J Biomed Opt 2016;21:108001.
  • 5. Wang P, Liu C, Yang X, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on joint pain, synovitis, anabolic, and catabolic factors in a progressive osteoarthritis rabbit model. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29:1875–85.
  • 6. Assis L, Almeida T, Milares LP, et al. Musculoskeletal atrophy in an experimental model of knee osteoarthritis: the effects of exercise training and low-level laser therapy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015;94:609–16.
  • 7. Pallotta RC, Bjordal JM, Frigo L, et al. Infrared (810-nm) low-level laser therapy on rat experimental knee inflammation. Lasers Med Sci 2012;27:71–8.

Ishaq Ahmed, Mohammad Ali Mohseni Bandpei, Syed Amir Gilani, Ashfaq Ahmad, Faryal Zaidi, “Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Discogenic Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2022, Article ID 6437523, 11 pages, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6437523

• Conclusions. The LLLT is proved as an efficient adjunct therapy to conventional physical therapy for discogenic lumbar radiculopathy. (low back pain with radiation down legs)

Cassano P, Dording C, Thomas G, Foster S, Yeung A, Uchida M, Hamblin MR, Bui E, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Iosifescu DV. Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light on sexual dysfunction. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Feb;51(2):127-135. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23011. Epub 2018 Sep 17. PMID: 30221776; PMCID: PMC6382556.

European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP). “Lack of interest in sex successfully treated by exposure to bright light.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 September 2016.

<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016
/09/160918214443.htm&gt>.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC6734093/

Jackson, R. F., Dedo, D. D., Roche, G. C., Turok, D. I., & Maloney, R. J. (2009).Low-level laser therapy as a non-invasive approach for body contouring: A randomized, controlled study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 41(10), 799–809.doi:10.1002/lsm.20855

• Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial 

• There were no negative findings.

• n=67

• Results: Participants in the treatment group demonstrated an overall reduction in total circumference across all three sites of 3.51 in. 

• (P < 0.001) compared with control subjects who revealed a 0.684 reduction (P < 0.071745). Test group participants demonstrated a reduction of 0.98 in. (P < 0.0001) across the waist, 1.05 in. (P < 0.01) across the hip, and 0.85 in. (P < 0.01) and 0.65 in. (P < 0.01) across the right and left thighs from baseline to 2 weeks (end of treatment). 

McRae E, Boris J. Independent evaluation of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm for non-invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Jan;45(1):1-7. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22113. PMID: 23355338.

• Participants were retrospectively assessed at an individual clinic in the United States.

• Compared with baseline, a statistically significant 2.99 in. (7.59 cm) mean LOSS was observed at the post-procedure evaluation point (P < 0.0001). When analyzed individually, the waist, hips, and thighs each reported a statistically significant reduction of 1.12, 0.769, and 1.17, respectively.

• There were no negative findings.

• n=86