Studies and Citations

M. B. Powner, G. Jeffery, J. Biophotonics 2024, e202300521. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202300521

Gonzalez-Lima F, Auchter A. Protection against neurodegeneration with low-dose methylene blue and near-infrared light. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 May 12;9:179. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00179. PMID: 26029050; PMCID: PMC4428125.

Hamblin MR, Nelson ST, Strahan JR. Photobiomodulation and Cancer: What Is the Truth? Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 May;36(5):241-245. doi: 10.1089/pho.2017.4401. Epub 2018 Feb 21. PMID: 29466089; PMCID: PMC5946726.

Robijns J, Nair RG, Lodewijckx J, Arany P, Barasch A, Bjordal JM, Bossi P, Chilles A, Corby PM, Epstein JB, Elad S, Fekrazad R, Fregnani ER, Genot MT, Ibarra AMC, Hamblin MR, Heiskanen V, Hu K, Klastersky J, Lalla R, Latifian S, Maiya A, Mebis J, Migliorati CA, Milstein DMJ, Murphy B, Raber-Durlacher JE, Roseboom HJ, Sonis S, Treister N, Zadik Y, Bensadoun RJ. Photobiomodulation therapy in management of cancer therapy-induced side effects: WALT position paper 2022. Front Oncol. 2022 Aug 30;12:927685. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.927685. PMID: 36110957; PMCID: PMC9468822.Pereira, S.T., Silva, C.R., Nuñez, S.C. and Ribeiro, M.S. (2021), Safety and Clinical Impact of a Single Red Light Irradiation on Breast Tumor-Bearing Mice. Photochem Photobiol, 97: 435-442.
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13338

Myakishev-Rempel M, Stadler I, Brondon P, Axe DR, Friedman M, Nardia FB, Lanzafame R. A preliminary study of the safety of red light phototherapy of tissues harboring cancer. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012 Sep;30(9):551-8. doi: 10.1089/pho.2011.3186. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PMID: 22853435; PMCID: PMC3423866.

Light therapy fast-tracks healing of skin damage from cancer radiation therapy https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases

/2022/01/220127104305.htm
Light therapy may accelerate the healing of skin damage from radiation therapy by up to 50%, according to a recent study.

Robijns J, Censabella S, Bulens P, Maes A, Mebis J. The use of low-level light therapy in supportive care for patients with breast cancer: review of the literature. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Jan;32(1):229-242. doi: 10.1007/s10103-016-2056-y. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID: 27539464.

 Yang, Kok Lee & Boon Yin, Khoo & Ong, Ming Thong & Yoong, Ivan & Sreeramanan, Subramaniam. (2020). In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy. Breast Cancer. 28. 10.1007/s12282-020-01128-6. LED red light has been reported to have many health benefits. The present study was conducted to characterise anti-proliferation properties of four LED red light wavelengths (615, 630, 660 and 730 nm) against non-triple negative (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer-origin cell lines.

• It has been shown by MTT assay that at 24 h post-exposure time point, only LED red light with wavelength 660 nm possessed anti-proliferative effects against both cell lines with 40% reduction of cell viability. The morphology of LED 660 nm irradiated cells was found flatten with enlarged cell size, typical characteristic of cell senescent. Indications of autophagy activities following the irradiation
  • an increase number of autophagosomes formation in LED 660 nm irradiated cells compared to control cells.
  • Electron dense bodies observed in these cells under TEM micrographs, leading to the conclusion that LED 660 nm irradiation promoted anti-proliferative activities through autophagy in breast cancer-origin cells. These findings have suggested that LED 660 nm might be developed and be employed as an alternative cancer treatment method in future.

  Zadik Y, Arany PR, Fregnani ER, Bossi P, Antunes HS, Bensadoun RJ, Gueiros LA, Majorana A, Nair RG, Ranna V, Tissing WJE, Vaddi A, Lubart R, Migliorati CA, Lalla RV, Cheng KKF, Elad S; Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). Systematic review of photobiomodulation for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines. Support Care Cancer. 2019 Oct;27(10):3969-3983. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-04890-2. Epub 2019 Jul 8. PMID: 31286228.

  Argenta PA, Ballman KV, Geller MA, Carson LF, Ghebre R, Mullany SA, Teoh DG, Winterhoff BJ, Rivard CL, Erickson BK. The effect of photobiomodulation on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Jan;144(1):159-166. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.11.013. Epub 2016 Nov 22. PMID: 27887804.

  Glass GE. Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review of the Oncologic Safety of Low-Level Light Therapy for Aesthetic Skin Rejuvenation. Aesthet Surg J. 2023 Apr 10;43(5):NP357-NP371. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad018. PMID: 36722207; PMCID: PMC10309024.

  • • In 16 studies with 25 cell lines, the influence of PBM on neoplastic cell viability was examined. PBM was found to reduce the viability of 13 of 25 neoplastic cell lines either in isolation or in the presence of another experimental agent, and PBM was found not to influence the viability of a further 8 cell lines. Of the remaining 4 cell lines, the viability of 3 was found to be dependent on total energy per unit area (fluence), whereas the viability of the remaining cell line was dependent on wavelength of light, exhibiting reduced viability when exposed to blue light only.
    • Despite theoretical concerns, there is no clinical evidence to support the proposition that PBM should be avoided in patients who are being treated for cancer, previously had cancer, or have risk factors for cancer.

  Farias TG, Rodrigues JA, Dos Santos MS, Mencalha AL, de Souza da Fonseca A. Effects of low‑power red laser and blue LED on mRNA levels from DNA repair genes in human breast cancer cells. Lasers Med Sci. 2024 Feb 8;39(1):56. doi: 10.1007/s10103-024-04001-6. Erratum in: Lasers Med Sci. 2024 Feb 20;39(1):67. PMID: 38329547.

  Aguiar BRL, Guerra ENS, Normando AGC, Martins CC, Reis PEDD, Ferreira EB. Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in radiation dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021 Jun;162:103349. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103349. Epub 2021 May 11. PMID: 33989768.

  PBMT showed a significant effect to prevent grade 3 RD in breast cancer patients.

  Photobiomodulation for Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Reduction in Mastectomized Women on Hormone Blockers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Juliano Abreu Pacheco, Kelly Fernanda Molena, and Eugenia Velludo Veiga
  Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery 2024 42:4, 294-305
  Conclusions: Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy applied to the PCA reduces BP and, more notably, HR in mastectomized women using tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors.

Wunsch, Alexander, and Karsten Matuschka. “A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase.” Photomedicine and laser surgery vol. 32,2 (2014): 93-100. doi:10.1089/pho.2013.3616  

• The treated subjects experienced significantly improved skin complexion and skin feeling, assessed skin roughness, and ultrasonographic measured collagen density. The blinded clinical evaluation of photographs confirmed significant improvement in the intervention groups compared with the control.
• There were no negative findings.
• n=136

Oh IY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Kim CW, Kim SE. Efficacy of light-emitting diode photomodulation in reducing erythema after fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2013 Aug;39(8):1171-6. doi: 10.1111/dsu.12213. Epub 2013 Apr 3. PMID: 23551853.

Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Kim HL, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Lee TR, Shin DW, Seo YR. A Protective Mechanism of Visible Red Light in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Enhancement of GADD45A-Mediated DNA Repair Activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2017 Feb;137(2):466-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.041. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27729279.

** Ken Tan¹, Hyup-Woo Lee^1,2, Seung-Kyu Han¹ Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis of Human Fibroblasts in Vitro

Journal of Wound Management and Research 2018; 14(1): 1-6.

Published online: March 30, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22467/
jwmr.2018.00283 Huiling Ma¹, Jong-Phil Yang¹, Rui

Avci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, Vecchio D, Pam Z, Pam N, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2013 Mar;32(1):41-52. PMID: 24049929; PMCID: PMC4126803.

LLLT shows promise for various dermatology uses, particularly in promoting healing, reducing inflammation and cell death, and rejuvenating skin. It may help both repigment vitiligo and lighten hyperpigmented lesions, depending on the treatment settings. LED devices have made it easier to treat larger areas of skin, but there is still no consensus on the best wavelength (red, NIR, or a mix) for different treatments.

Bowen, Robert, Arany, Praveen R. e202200391. Use of either transcranial or whole-body photobiomodulation treatments improves COVID-19 brain fog. Journal of BiophotonicsVL  – 16. IS  – 8. SN  – 1864-063X 

Aguida B, Pooam M, Ahmad M, Jourdan N. Infrared light therapy relieves TLR-4 dependent hyper-inflammation of the type induced by COVID-19. Commun Integr Biol. 2021 Sep 15;14(1):200-211. doi: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1965718. PMID: 34552685; PMCID: PMC8451450.

https://pbmfoundation.org/adjunct-low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-in-a-morbidly-obese-patient-with-severe-covid-19-pneumonia-a-case-report/

Effective for increasing immunity, helping tissue repair, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Read more citations here:

de Matos BTL, Buchaim DV, Pomini KT, Barbalho SM, Guiguer EL, Reis CHB, Bueno CRS, Cunha MRD, Pereira ESBM, Buchaim RL. Photobiomodulation Therapy as a Possible New Approach in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2021 Jun 18;11(6):580. doi: 10.3390/life11060580. PMID: 34207199; PMCID: PMC8233727. 

https://awakenforwellness.com/red-light-therapys-impact-on-your-respiratory-health-its-potential-healing-in-covid-19-symptoms/

Cassano P, Petrie SR, Mischoulon D, Cusin C, Katnani H, Yeung A, De Taboada L, Archibald A, Bui E, Baer L, Chang T, Chen J, Pedrelli P, Fisher L, Farabaugh A, Hamblin MR, Alpert JE, Fava M, Iosifescu DV. Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial. Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 Dec;36(12):634-646. doi: 10.1089/pho.2018.4490. Epub 2018 Oct 20. PMID: 30346890; PMCID: PMC7864111.

• Double-blind, sham-controlled study on the safety and efficacy [change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) total score at end-point] of adjunct t-PBM NIR, 823nm

• t-PBM with NIR light demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in patients with MDD.

Oliveira CG, Freitas MF, de Sousa MVP, Giorgi R, Chacur M. Photobiomodulation reduces nociception and edema in a CFA-induced muscle pain model: effects of LLLT and LEDT. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2020;19(10):1392-1401. doi:10.1039/d0pp00037j

Xu S, Cui K, Long K, Li J, Fan N, Lam WC, Liang X, Wang W. Red Light-Triggered Anti-Angiogenic and Photodynamic Combination Therapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Sep 14:e2301985. doi: 10.1002/advs.202301985. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37705491.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11776448/

Whelan HT, Smits RL Jr, Buchman EV, Whelan NT, Turner SG, Margolis DA, Cevenini V, Stinson H, Ignatius R, Martin T, Cwiklinski J, Philippi AF, Graf WR, Hodgson B, Gould L, Kane M, Chen G, Caviness J. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001 Dec;19(6):305-14. doi: 10.1089/104454701753342758. PMID: 11776448.

Hartmann DD, Martins RP, Silva TCD, et al. Oxidative stress is involved in LLLT mechanism of action on skin healing in rats.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;54(6):e10293. Published 2021 Apr 26. doi:10.1590/1414-431X202010293

Kenareh R, Mirmohammadi SJ, Khatibi A, Shamsi F, Mehrparvar AH. The Comparison of The Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Ultrasound in the Treatment of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2021 ;12:e20. DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.20. PMID: 34733743; PMCID: PMC8558734.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf
/10.2203/dose-response.14-032.Agrawal

1. Agrawal T, Gupta GK, Rai V, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Pre-Conditioning with Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy: Light before the Storm. Dose-Response. October 2014. doi:10.2203/dose-response.14-032.Agrawal

José Carlos Tatmatsu-Rocha, Cleber Ferraresi, Michael R. Hamblin, Flávio Damasceno Maia, Nilberto Robson Falcão do Nascimento, Patricia Driusso, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto,

Low-level laser therapy (904nm) can increase collagen and reduce oxidative and nitrosative stress in diabetic wounded mouse skin,

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology,

Volume 164, 2016, Pages 96-102, ISSN 1011-1344,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.017.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
/article/pii/S101113441530172X)

Ohshiro T. Personal Overview of the Application of LLLT in Severely Infertile Japanese Females.Laser Ther. 2012;21(2):97-103 doi:10.5978/islsm.12-OR-05

Salman Yazdi R, Bakhshi S, Jannat Alipoor F, Akhoond MR, Borhani S, Farrahi F, Lotfi Panah M, Sadighi Gilani MA. Effect of 830-nm diode laser irradiation on human sperm motility. Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Jan;29(1):97-104. doi: 10.1007/s10103-013-1276-7. Epub 2013 Feb 14. PMID: 23407899.

• Results showed that irradiating human sperm with low-level 830-nm diode laser can improve their progressive motility depending on both laser density and post-exposure time.

• n=22

Wagner H, Cheng JW, Ko EY. Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility: An updated review of literature. Arab J Urol. 2017 Dec 8;16(1):35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.001. PMID: 29713534; PMCID: PMC5922220.

Zupin L, Pascolo L, Luppi S, Ottaviani G, Crovella S, Ricci G. Photobiomodulation therapy for male infertility. Lasers Med Sci. 2020 Oct;35(8):1671-1680. doi: 10.1007/s10103-020-03042-x. Epub 2020 Jun 1. PMID: 32483749.

Safian F, Ghaffari Novin M, Karimi M, Kazemi M, Zare F, Ghoreishi SK, Bayat M. Photobiomodulation with 810 nm Wavelengths Improves Human Sperms’ Motility and ViabilityIn Vitro. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2020 Apr;38(4):222-231. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4773. PMID: 32301671.

Viability In Vitro. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2020 Apr;38(4):222-231. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4773. PMID: 32301671.

Pillai JK, Mysore V. Role of Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT) in Androgenetic Alopecia. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2021;14(4):385-391. doi:10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_218_20

Figueiro Longo MG, Tan CO, Chan ST, et al. Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2017337. Published 2020 Sep 1. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17337

Cotler HB. A NASA discovery has current applications in orthopaedics. Curr Orthop Pract. 2015;26(1):72-74. doi:10.1097/BCO.0000000000000196

Mai-Yi Fan, Sabrina PhD*; Cheng, Yu-Pin MD†; Lee, Ming-Yung PhD‡; Lin, Sung-Jan MD, PhD*,§,‖,¶; Chiu, Hsien-Yi MD, PhD*,§,**. Efficacy and Safety of a Low-Level Light Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Self-Comparison, Sham Device-Controlled Trial. Dermatologic Surgery: November 2018 – Volume 44 – Issue 11 – p 1411-1420

• RCT
• n=100
• 24 weeks of treatment
• LLLT-treated scalp had significantly greater hair coverage (14.2% vs. 11.8%, p < .001).
• Significant improvement from baseline in the LLLT group noted study investigators
  • hair thickness
  • hair count
  • hair coverage observed  on the treated side than in the sham light-treated side at the 12- and 24-week visits.
• No serious adverse events were observed.

Spitler R, Ho H, Norpetlian F, et al. Combination of low level light therapy and nitrosyl-cobinamide accelerates wound healing.J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(5):051022. doi:10.1117/1.JBO.20.5.051022

Whelan HT, Smits RL Jr, Buchman EV, Whelan NT, Turner SG, Margolis DA, Cevenini V, Stinson H, Ignatius R, Martin T, Cwiklinski J, Philippi AF, Graf WR, Hodgson B, Gould L, Kane M, Chen G, Caviness J. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001 Dec;19(6):305-14. doi: 10.1089/104454701753342758.

M, Chen G, Caviness J. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001 Dec;19(6):305-14. doi: 10.1089/104454701753342758.

Whelan HT, Smits RL Jr, Buchman EV, et al. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001;19(6):305-314. doi:10.1089/104454701753342758.

Hartmann DD, Martins RP, Silva TCD, et al. Oxidative stress is involved in LLLT mechanism of action on skin healing in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;54(6):e10293. Published 2021 Apr 26. doi:10.1590/1414-431X202010293.

Quirk BJ, Sannagowdara K, Buchmann EV, et al. Effect of near-infrared light on in vitro cellular ATP production of osteoblasts and fibroblasts and on fracture healing with intramedullary fixation. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2016;7:234-41. 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.02.009.

José Carlos Tatmatsu-Rocha, et al. Low-level laser therapy (904nm) can increase collagen and reduce oxidative and nitrosative stress in diabetic wounded mouse skin, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 164, 2016, Pages 96-102, ISSN 1011-1344, doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.01.

Cotler HB. A NASA discovery has current applications in orthopaedics. Curr Orthop Pract. 2015 Jan;26(1):72-74. doi: 10.1097/BCO.0000000000000196. PMID: 25541589; PMCID: PMC4272231.

Avci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, Vecchio D, Pam Z, Pam N, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2013 Mar;32(1):41-52. PMID: 24049929; PMCID: PMC4126803.

Zhang W, Gao X, Wang X, Li D, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Ne J, Xu B, Li S, Jiang Z, Sun H, Ma W, Yang F, Cai B, Yang B. Light Emitting Diodes Photobiomodulation Improves Cardiac Function by Promoting ATP Synthesis in Mice With Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Dec 2;8:753664. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.753664. PMID: 34926608; PMCID: PMC8674466.

In an experimental animal model, PBM treatment mitigated age-associated cardiovascular remodeling, reduced cardiac function, improved neuromuscular coordination, and increased longevity. These responses correlate with increased TGF-β1 in circulation.

Photobiomodulation for Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Reduction in Mastectomized Women on Hormone Blockers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Juliano Abreu Pacheco, Kelly Fernanda Molena, and Eugenia Velludo Veiga
Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery 2024 42:4, 294-305
Conclusions: Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy applied to the PCA reduces BP and, more notably, HR in mastectomized women using tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors.

Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361. doi:10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337

Cardoso Fabrízio dos Santos, Salehpour Farzad, Coimbra Norberto Cysne, Gonzalez-Lima Francisco, Gomes da Silva Sérgio Photobiomodulation for the treatment of neuroinflammation: A systematic review of controlled laboratory animal studies Frontiers in Neuroscience. VOLUME=16      YEAR=2022 DOI=10.3389/fnins.2022.1006031 ISSN=1662-453X   

Shamloo S, Defensor E, Ciari P, Ogawa G, Vidano L, Lin JS, Fortkort JA, Shamloo M, Barron AE. The anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation are mediated by cytokines: Evidence from a mouse model of inflammation. Front Neurosci. 2023 Apr 6;17:1150156. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150156. PMID: 37090796; PMCID: PMC10115964.

Wei-Ting Liao, Chih-Hsing Hung, Shih-Shin Liang, Sebastian Yu, Jian-He Lu, Chih-Hung Lee, Chee-Yin Chai, Hsin-Su Yu,Anti-Inflammatory Effects Induced by Near-Infrared Light Irradiation through M2 Macrophage Polarization,Journal of Investigative Dermatology,Volume 141, Issue 8, 2021Pages 2056-2066.e10,ISSN 0022-202X,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.035.

de Castro MS, Miyazawa M, Nogueira ESC, Chavasco JK, Brancaglion GA, Cerdeira CD, Nogueira DA, Ionta M, Hanemann JAC, Brigagão MRPL, Sperandio FF. Photobiomodulation enhances the Th1 immune response of human monocytes. Lasers Med Sci. 2022 Feb;37(1):135-148. doi: 10.1007/s10103-020-03179-9. Epub 2020 Nov 6. PMID: 33155162.

Golovynska I, Stepanov YV, Golovynskyi S, Zhou T, Stepanova LI, Garmanchuk LV, Ohulchanskyy TY, Qu J. Macrophages Modulated by Red/NIR Light: Phagocytosis, Cytokines, Mitochondrial Activity, Ca2+ Influx, Membrane Depolarization and Viability. Photochem Photobiol. 2022 Mar;98(2):484-497. doi: 10.1111/php.13526. Epub 2021 Oct 5. PMID: 34569637.

Gong L, Zou Z, Liu L, Guo S, Xing D. Photobiomodulation therapy ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by activating cytochrome c oxidase-mediated protein kinase B in muscle. Aging (Albany NY). 2021 Mar 26;13(7):10015-10033. doi: 10.18632/aging.202760. Epub 2021 Mar 26. PMID: 33795530; PMCID: PMC8064177.

Zhu, S., Ma, X., Ding, X. et al. Comparative evaluation of low-level light therapy and ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel combined oral contraceptive for clinical efficacy and regulation of serum biochemical parameters in primary dysmenorrhoea: a prospective randomised multicentre trial. Lasers Med Sci 37, 2239–2248 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-021-03490-z

Lee JM, Kim KH. Effect of near-infrared rays on female menstrual pain in Korea. Nurs Health Sci. 2017 Sep;19(3):366-372. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12356. Epub 2017 Jul 7. PMID: 28686000.

The results of this study indicate that the near-infrared ray LED belt was effective in reducing menstrual pain and menstrual pain duration compared to the use of analgesics in Korean women with dysmenorrhea. Therefore, near-infrared rays may be used to relieve menstrual pain and improve the quality of life of women with dysmenorrhea.

Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive. Both treatment modalities achieved clinically meaningful levels of pain reduction.

Yeager RL, Oleske DA, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd, Eells JT, Henshel DS. Melatonin as a principal component of red light therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(2):372-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.041. Epub 2007 Feb 23. PMID: 17321060.

de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2016 May-Jun;22(3):7000417. doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2561201. PMID: 28070154; PMCID: PMC5215870.

Nicholls D. G., “Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in the cell: its relevance to aging and aging-related disease,” Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 34(11) 1372–1381 (2002). 10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00077-8

Agrawal T, Gupta GK, Rai V, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Pre-Conditioning with Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy: Light before the Storm. Dose-Response. October 2014. doi:10.2203/dose-response.14-032.Agrawal.

Nagy EN, Ibrahim FM, Jouda AA, Elsayed MM. The Effect of Laser Therapy Along With Mediterranean Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet Only on Older Adults With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Lasers Med Sci. 2021 Jul 24;12:e39. doi: 10.34172/jlms.2021.39. PMID: 34733762; PMCID: PMC8558722.

Oubiña G, Pascuali N, Scotti L, Di Pietro M, La Spina FA, Buffone MG, Higuera J, Abramovich D, Parborell F. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) modulates ovarian function in mature female mice. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2019 Aug;145:10-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.11.010. Epub 2018 Nov 27. PMID: 30500339.

The study concludes that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has the potential to modulate follicular dynamics in mice by regulating key biological processes such as apoptosis and vascular stability in the ovaries. LLLT increased the proportion of early-stage follicles, reduced apoptosis in antral follicles, and improved oocyte quality, suggesting a beneficial impact on ovarian function. These findings indicate that LLLT could be a novel therapeutic tool for addressing female reproductive disorders and other related pathologies.

Kenareh R, Mirmohammadi SJ, Khatibi A, Shamsi F, Mehrparvar AH. The Comparison of The Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Ultrasound in the Treatment of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2021 ;12:e20. DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.20.

Acute Low Back Pain with Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Ljubica M. Konstantinovic, Zeljko M. Kanjuh, Andjela N. Milovanovic, Milisav R. Cutovic, Aleksandar G. Djurovic, Viktorija G. Savic, Aleksandra S. Dragin, and Nesa D. Milovanovic

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2010 28:4, 553-560

• A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
• n=546
• Statistically significant in all outcomes measured (p < 0.001)
• Results show better improvement in acute LBP treated with LLLT

Stausholm MB, Naterstad IF, Joensen J, et alEfficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trialsBMJ Open 2019;9:e031142. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031142

• Systematic review and meta-analysis
• We solely included randomized placebo-controlled trials involving participants with KOA according to the American College of Rheumatology and/or Kellgren/Lawrence criteria, in which LLLT was applied to participants’ knee(s)
• 22 trials (n=1063) were meta-analysed. Risk of bias was insignificant. Overall, pain was significantly reduced by LLLT compared with placebo at the end of therapy.
• LLLT is a non-invasive treatment modality,(1-2) which has been reported to induce anti-inflammatory effects. (2–7)
  • 1. Rayegani SM, Raeissadat SA, Heidari S, et al. Safety and effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Lasers Med Sci 2017;8:S12–19.
  • 2. Hamblin MR. Can osteoarthritis be treated with light? Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15.
  • 3. Tomazoni SS, Leal-Junior ECP, Pallotta RC, et al. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise as single and/or combined treatment on the inflammatory response induced by experimental osteoarthritis. Lasers Med Sci 2017;32:101–8.
  • 4. Tomazoni SS, Leal-Junior ECP, Frigo L, et al. Isolated and combined effects of photobiomodulation therapy, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical activity in the treatment of osteoarthritis induced by papain. J Biomed Opt 2016;21:108001.
  • 5. Wang P, Liu C, Yang X, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on joint pain, synovitis, anabolic, and catabolic factors in a progressive osteoarthritis rabbit model. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29:1875–85.
  • 6. Assis L, Almeida T, Milares LP, et al. Musculoskeletal atrophy in an experimental model of knee osteoarthritis: the effects of exercise training and low-level laser therapy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015;94:609–16.
  • 7. Pallotta RC, Bjordal JM, Frigo L, et al. Infrared (810-nm) low-level laser therapy on rat experimental knee inflammation. Lasers Med Sci 2012;27:71–8.

Ishaq Ahmed, Mohammad Ali Mohseni Bandpei, Syed Amir Gilani, Ashfaq Ahmad, Faryal Zaidi, “Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Discogenic Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2022, Article ID 6437523, 11 pages, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6437523

• Conclusions. The LLLT is proved as an efficient adjunct therapy to conventional physical therapy for discogenic lumbar radiculopathy. (low back pain with radiation down legs)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35494491/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35876837/

Traverzim MA, Sobral APT, Fernandes KPS, de Fátima Teixeira Silva D, Pavani C, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Horliana ACRT, Gomes AO, Bussadori SK, Motta LJ. The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Analgesia During Childbirth: A Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2021 Apr;39(4):265-271. doi: 10.1089/photob.2020.4976. Epub 2021 Mar 23. PMID: 33760671.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1011134418308698

Conclusion: The results show that EV PCO-induced rats had increased body mass, reduced ovary mass, and reduced GSI. PBM stimulation increased the plasma levels of P4 and T, and decreased the LH plasma level. PBM stimulation also increased the number of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum and decreased the number of ovarian cysts. Thus, reproductive and endocrine characteristics were modulated by PBM.

 Morita H, Kohno J, Hori M, Kitano Y. Clinical application of low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) for atopic dermatitis. Keio J Med. 1993;42(4):174-176. doi:10.2302/kjm.42.174

Kim YL, Lim HS, Lee SM. Effect of low-level laser intervention on dermatitis symptoms and cytokine changes in DNCB-induced atopy mouse model: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med. 2021 Nov;22(5):1196. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10630. Epub 2021 Aug 20. PMID: 34584541; PMCID: PMC8422383.

Wu S, Su Y, Wang L, Sun B, Jiang X. The effects of photobiomodulation therapy on inflammatory mediators, immune infiltration, and angiogenesis in a mouse model of rosacea. Ann Transl Med. 2022 Aug;10(15):831. doi: 10.21037/atm-22-3204. PMID: 36035005; PMCID: PMC9403938.

Cassano P, Dording C, Thomas G, Foster S, Yeung A, Uchida M, Hamblin MR, Bui E, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Iosifescu DV. Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light on sexual dysfunction. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Feb;51(2):127-135. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23011. Epub 2018 Sep 17. PMID: 30221776; PMCID: PMC6382556.

European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP). “Lack of interest in sex successfully treated by exposure to bright light.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 September 2016.

<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016
/09/160918214443.htm&gt>.

Bossini L, Caterini C, Koukouna D, Casolaro I, Roggi M, Di Volo S, Fargnoli F, Ponchietti R, Benbow J, Fagiolini A. Rola fototerapii w leczeniu osób z zaburzeniami czynności seksualnych–weryfikacja wynik6w badania pilotaiowego [Light therapy as a treatment for sexual dysfunctions–beyond a pilot study]. Psychiatr Pol. 2013 Nov-Dec;47(6):1113-22. Polish. PMID: 25007542.

This study demonstrates that Light Therapy significantly improves sexual satisfaction in individuals with hypoactive sexual desire disorder and primary sexual arousal disorder, with results showing a threefold improvement compared to placebo. Future research should investigate the correlation between these clinical improvements and changes in testosterone levels.

Zhao J, Tian Y, Nie J, Xu J, Liu D. Red light and the sleep quality and endurance performance of Chinese female basketball players. J Athl Train. 2012 Nov-Dec;47(6):673-8. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.08. PMID: 23182016; PMCID: PMC3499892.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC6734093/

Figueiro Longo MG, Tan CO, Chan ST, et al. Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2017337. Published 2020 Sep 1. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17337

Jackson, R. F., Dedo, D. D., Roche, G. C., Turok, D. I., & Maloney, R. J. (2009).Low-level laser therapy as a non-invasive approach for body contouring: A randomized, controlled study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 41(10), 799–809.doi:10.1002/lsm.20855

• Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial 

• There were no negative findings.

• n=67

• Results: Participants in the treatment group demonstrated an overall reduction in total circumference across all three sites of 3.51 in. 

• (P < 0.001) compared with control subjects who revealed a 0.684 reduction (P < 0.071745). Test group participants demonstrated a reduction of 0.98 in. (P < 0.0001) across the waist, 1.05 in. (P < 0.01) across the hip, and 0.85 in. (P < 0.01) and 0.65 in. (P < 0.01) across the right and left thighs from baseline to 2 weeks (end of treatment). 

McRae E, Boris J. Independent evaluation of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm for non-invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Jan;45(1):1-7. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22113. PMID: 23355338.

• Participants were retrospectively assessed at an individual clinic in the United States.

• Compared with baseline, a statistically significant 2.99 in. (7.59 cm) mean LOSS was observed at the post-procedure evaluation point (P < 0.0001). When analyzed individually, the waist, hips, and thighs each reported a statistically significant reduction of 1.12, 0.769, and 1.17, respectively.

• There were no negative findings.

• n=86